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Not to be confused with Turkish language or Iraqi Turkmen § Language.

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Turkmen (türkmen?e, т?ркменче, ?????????, [t??k?m?nt??] or türkmen dili, т?ркмен дили, ?????? ?????, [t??k?m?n d??l?]) is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia. It has an estimated 4.7 million native speakers in Turkmenistan (where it is the official language), and a further 359,000 speakers in northeastern Iran and 1.2 million people in northwestern Afghanistan, where it has no official status. Turkmen is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Turkmen communities of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and by diaspora communities, primarily in Turkey and Russia.

Turkmen
türkmen?e, türkmen dili, т?ркменче, т?ркмен дили, ?????? ???? ,?????????
Türkmen?e in the Perso-Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets
Native to	Turkmenistan, Russia, Iran, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan
Ethnicity	Turkmens
Speakers	L1: 6.8 million (2023) L2: 1 million (2021) Total: 7.8 million (2021–2023)
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Oghuz Eastern Turkmen
Dialects	Türkpen
Writing system	Latin (Turkmen alphabet, official in Turkmenistan), Perso-Arabic, Cyrillic Turkmen Braille
Official status
Official language in	Turkmenistan
Language codes
ISO 639-1	tk
ISO 639-2	tuk
ISO 639-3	tuk
Glottolog	turk1304
Linguasphere	Part of 44-AAB-a
The distribution of the Turkmen language in Central Asia

Turkmen is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related to Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Qashqai, and Turkish, sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages. However, the closest relative of Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic, spoken in northeastern regions of Iran and with which it shares the eastern subbranch of Oghuz languages, as well as Khorazm, the Oghuz dialect of Uzbek spoken mainly in Khorezm along the Turkmenistan border. Elsewhere in Iran, the Turkmen language comes second after the Azerbaijani language in terms of the number of speakers of Turkic languages of Iran.

The standardized form of Turkmen (spoken in Turkmenistan) is based on the Teke dialect, while Iranian Turkmen use mostly the Yomud dialect, and Afghan Turkmen use the Ersary variety. The Turkmen language, unlike other languages of the Oghuz branch, preserved most of the unique and archaic features of the language spoken by the early Oghuz Turks, including phonemic vowel length.

Iraqi and Syrian "Turkmen" speak dialects that form a continuum between Turkish and Azerbaijani, in both cases heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian. These varieties are not Turkmen in the sense of this article.

Classification

Areas where modern Oghuz languages are spoken

Turkmen is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic family of languages, together with Turkish and Azerbaijani, with which it shares a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility. However, an arguably closer language to Turkmen is Khorasani Turkic, with which it shares the eastern subbranch of the Oghuz languages, and also Khorazm, spoken mainly in northwestern Uzbekistan.

Turkmen has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is subject–object–verb.

Written Turkmen today is based on the Teke (Tekke) dialect. The other dialects are Nohurly, Yomud, ?newli, Hasarly, Nerezim, G?kleň, Salyr, Saryk, ?rsary and ?owdur. The Teke dialect is sometimes (especially in Afghanistan) referred to as "Chagatai", but like all Turkmen dialects it reflects only a limited influence from classical Chagatai.

Comparison with other Turkic languages

Turkmen has dental fricatives /θ/ and /e/ unlike other Oghuz Turkic languages, where these sounds are pronounced as /s/ and /z/. The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is Bashkir. However, in Bashkir /θ/ and /e/ are two independent phonemes, distinct from /s/ and /z/, whereas in Turkmen [θ] and [e] are the two main realizations of the common Turkic /s/ and /z/. In other words, there are no /s/ and /z/ phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir, which has /s/, /z/, /θ/ and /e/.

Turkmen vs. Azerbaijani

The 1st person personal pronoun is "men" in Turkmen, just as "m?n" in Azerbaijani, whereas it is "ben" in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns "bu", where sound "b" is replaced with sound "m". For example: "bunun>munun//m?n?n, muna//m?na, munu//mun?, munda//m?nda, mundan//m?ndan". In Turkmen, "bu" undergoes some changes just as in: "munu?, mun?, mu?a, munda, mundan".

Here are some words with a different pronunciation in Turkmen and Azerbaijani that mean the same in both languages:

Turkmen	Azeri	English
men	m?n	I, me
sen	s?n	you
ha?an	ha?an	when
ba?ga	ba?qa	other
it, k?pek	it, k?p?k	dog
deri	d?ri	skin, leather
yumurtga	yumurta	egg
yürek	ür?k	heart
e?itmek	e?itm?k	to hear

Turkmen vs. Turkish

Turkey was first to recognize Turkmenistan's independence on 27 October 1991, following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and to open its embassy in Ashgabat on 29 February 1992. Sharing a common history, religion, language and culture, the two states have balanced special relations based on mutual respect and the principle of "One Nation, Two States".

Turkmen language is very close to Turkish with regard to linguistic properties. However, there are a couple of differences due to regional and historical reasons. Most morphophonetic rules are common in Turkmen and Turkish languages. For instance, both languages show vowel harmony and consonant mutation rules, and have similar suffixes with very close semantics.

Here are some words from the Swadesh list in Turkmen and Turkish that mean the same in both languages:

Turkmen	Turkish	English
men	ben	I, me
uzyn	uzun	long
aga?	a?a?	tree
g?z	g?z	eye
yürek	yürek	heart
ya?amak	ya?amak	to live
suw	su	water
asman	g?k	sky
dogry	do?ru	correct

Phonology

Main article: Turkmen grammar § Phonology

Vowels

	Front		Back
	Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	? ??	? ??	? ??	? ??
Mid	?	? ??		o o?
Open	??		ɑ ɑ?

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m		n		?
Stop/ Affricate	voiceless	p		t	t?	k
	voiced	b		d	d?	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless		θ	s	?		h
	voiced		e	z
Approximant		w		l	j
Tap				?

Writing system

Main article: Turkmen alphabet

Turkmen written language was formed in the 13–14th centuries, with its literary tradition dating back to the 14th century. During this period, the Arabic alphabet was used extensively for writing. By in the 18th century, there had been a rich literary tradition in the Turkmen language. At the same time, the literacy of the population in their native language remained at low levels; book publishing was extremely limited, and the first primer in the Turkmen language appeared only in 1913, while the first newspaper ("Transcaspian native newspaper") was printed in 1914.

The Arabic script was not adapted to the phonetic features of the Turkic languages. Thus, it did not have necessary signs to designate specific sounds of the Turkmen language, and at the same time there were many letters to designate Arabic sounds that were not in the Turkmen language.

During the first years after the establishment of the Soviet power, the Arabic alphabet of Turkmen under the USSR was reformed twice, in 1922 and 1925. In the course of the reforms, letters with diacritics were introduced to denote Turkic phonemes; and letters were abolished for sounds that are absent in the Turkmen language.

The Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran continue to use Arabic script.

In January 1925, on the pages of the republican newspaper Türkmenistan, the question of switching to a new, Latin alphabet was raised. After the first All-Union Turkological Congress in Baku (February–March 1926), the State Academic Council under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Turkmen SSR developed a draft of a new alphabet. On 3 January 1928, the revised new Latin alphabet was approved by the Central Executive Committee of the Turkmen SSR.

At the end of the 1930s, the process of the Cyrillization of writing began throughout the USSR. In January 1939, the newspaper "Sowet Türkmenistany" published a letter from teachers in Ashgabat and the Ashgabat region with an initiative to replace the Turkmen (Latin) script with Cyrillic. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR instructed the Research Institute of Language and Literature to draw up a draft of a new alphabet. The teachers of the Ashgabat Pedagogical Institute and print workers also took part in the development of the new writing system. In April 1940, the draft alphabet was published.

In May 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen SSR adopted a resolution on the transition to a new alphabet of all state and public institutions from 1 July 1940, and on the beginning of teaching the new alphabet in schools from 1 September of the same year.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in January 1993, a meeting was held at the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan on the issue of replacing the Cyrillic with the Latin alphabet, at which a commission was formed to develop the alphabet. In February, a new version of the alphabet was published in the press. On 12 April 1993, the Mejlis of Turkmenistan approved a presidential decree on the new alphabet.

Grammar

Main article: Turkmen grammar

Turkmen is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. It is very regular compared with many other languages of non-Turkic group. For example, obalardan "from the villages" can be analysed as oba "village", -lar (plural suffix), -dan (ablative case, meaning "from"); alyaryn "I am taking" as al "take", -yar (present continuous tense), -yn (1st person singular).

Another characteristic of Turkmen is vowel harmony. Most suffixes have two or four different forms, the choice between which depends on the vowel of the word's root or the preceding suffix: For example, the ablative case of obalar is obalardan "from the villages" but, the ablative case of itler "dogs" is itlerden "from the dogs".

Declension examples (with vowel length)

Case	Example	Consonant-ending nouns			Vowel-ending nouns			With consonant voicing	With vowel deletion
		sygyr	ner	?y	yara	gije	doly	k?pek	ogul
Nominative	Sygyr yzyna geldi.	sygyr	ner	?y	yara	gije	doly	k?pek	ogul
Accusative	Men sygyry sagdym.	sygyry	neri	?yi	yarāny	gij?ni	dol?ny	k?pegi	ogly
Genitive	Men sygyryň guyrugyny ?ekdim.	sygyryň	neriň	?yüň	yarānyň	gij?niň	dol?nyň	k?pegiň	ogluň
Dative	Men sygyra iym berdim.	sygyra	nere	?ye	yarā	gij?	dola	k?pege	ogla
Locative	Sygyrda n?me gün? bar?	sygyrda	nerde	?yde	yarada	gijede	doluda	k?pekde	ogulda
Ablative	Bu kesel sygyrdan ge?di. Men sygyrdan yadadym.	sygyrdan	nerden	?yden	yaradan	gijeden	doludan	k?pekden	oguldan

Directives and speech levels

Levels of respect or formality are focused on the final suffix of commands, while in normal sentences adding -dyr can increase formality.

Usage	Suffix		Example		Note
	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative
Neutral	-?[iň]	-ma[:ň]	bar[yň]	barma[:ň]	offensive if used with elders without -ň(plural marker).
Familiar	-sana	-masana	gelsene	gelmesene	common between friends.
Polite	-gyn	-magyn	goygyn	goymagyn	respectful but insistent on request.
Polite request(suggestive)	-a:y[yň]	-ma:y[yň] / -a:yma[:ň]	gid?y	gitm?y[iň]/gid?ym?ň	-ma:y[yň] simply suggests not doing while -a:yma[:ň] increases respect to the addressee .
Formal Polite	-saňyzla:[ň]	-masaňyzla:[ň]	gaytsaňyzla:[ň]	gaytmasaňyzla:[ň]
Respectful request	-i:ber[iň]	-i:berm?[:ň]	aydyber	aydyberm?[:ň]	more common when the requested action is imminent.
Highly polite	-a:wer[i]	-ma:wer[i] / -a:werma[:ň]	ed?weri	etm?weri / ed?werm?ň	used when talking to an elder or a ruler or when praying.
Polite command	-saňyz	-masaňyz	alsaňyz	almasaňyz
Highly polite suggestion	-a:ysyňyz	-ma:ysyňyz	yaza:ysyňyz	yazma:ysyňyz
Hortative	-a:yyn	-ma:yyn	gid?yin	gitm?yin	e.g. let me go/not go (as a question: shall I go? shall I not go?)
Cohortative	-a:ly[:ň]	-ma:ly[:ň]	ba?la:ly[:ň]	ba?lama:ly[:ň]	-:ň is used if and only if the addressee is more than two people.
3rd p. directive	-syn[lar]	-masyn[lar]	bolsun[lar]	bolmasyn[lar]	used in wishes or indirect commands.

Literature

Magtymguly Pyragy on the commemorative coin of Turkmenistan

Main article: Turkmen literature

Turkmen literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in Old Oghuz Turkic and Turkmen languages. Turkmens are direct descendants of the Oghuz Turks, who were a western Turkic people that spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family.

The earliest development of the Turkmen literature is closely associated with the literature of the Oghuz Turks. Turkmens have joint claims to a great number of literary works written in Old Oghuz and Persian (by Seljuks in 11-12th centuries) languages with other people of the Oghuz Turkic origin, mainly of Azerbaijan and Turkey. These works include, but are not limited to the Book of Dede Korkut, Z?hre Tahyr, Gorogly, Layla and Majnun, Yusuf Zulaikha and others.

There is general consensus, however, that distinctively modern Turkmen literature originated in the 18th century with the poetry of Magtymguly Pyragy, who is considered the father of the Turkmen literature. Other prominent Turkmen poets of that era are D?wletm?mmet Azady (Magtymguly's father), Mollanepes, Nurmuhammet Andalyp, M?mmetweli Kemine, Abdylla ?abende, ?eydayy, Mahmyt Gayyby and Gurbanally Magrupy.

Vocabulary

Numbers

Number	Turkmen	Number	Turkmen
0	nol	10	on
1	bir	20	yigrim
2	iki	30	otuz
3	ü?	40	kyrk
4	d?rt	50	elli
5	b??	60	altmy?
6	alty	70	yetmi?
7	yedi	80	segsen
8	sekiz	90	togsan
9	dokuz	100	yüz
		1000	müň

Note: Numbers are formed identically to other Turkic languages, such as Turkish. So, eleven (11) is "on bir" (lit.?'ten-one'). Two thousand seventeen (2017) is iki müň on yedi (two-thousand-ten-seven).

Colors

English	Turkmen
black	gara
blue	g?k
brown	goňur, mele
grey	?al
green	ya?yl
orange	naryn?, m?mi?i
pink	gülgün
purple	benew?e, melew?e
red	gyzyl
white	ak
yellow	sary

Basic expressions

English	Turkmen
yes	hawa
no	yok
goodbye	sag boluň, ho? galyň
good morning	ertiriňiz hayyrly bolsun, ertiriňiz hayyr
good evening	ag?amyňyz hayyrly bolsun, ag?amyňyz hayyr
good night	gij?ňiz rahat bolsun
please	hayy?, -ay/-?y
thank you	sag boluň, sagbol
Do you speak English?	Siz iňlis?e gürl?p bily?rsiňizmi?
I don't speak Turkmen	Men türkmen?e gürlemey?rin
What does it mean?	Bu n?m?ni aňladyar?, Ol n?me diymek?

Example

The following is Magtymguly's Türkmeniň (of the Turkmen) poem with the text transliterated into Turkmen (Latin) letters, whereas the original language is preserved. Second column is the poem's Turkish translation, third one is the Azerbaijani translation, while the last one is the English translation.

Turkmen	Turkish	Azerbaijani	English
Jeyhun bilen bahry-Hazar arasy, ??l üstünden ?wser yeli türkmeniň; Gül-gun?asy – gara g?züm garasy, Gara dagdan iner sili türkmeniň.	Ceyhun ile Bahr-? Hazar aras?, ??l üstünden eser yeli Türkmen'in. Gül goncas? kara g?züm karas?, Kara da?dan iner seli Türkmen'in.	Ceyhun il? B?hri-X?z?r aras?, ??l üstünd?n ?s?r yeli türkm?nin. Gül q?n??si qara g?züm qaras?, Qara da?dan en?r seli türkm?nin.	Between the Jeyhun and the Khazar sea, Over the desert blows the breeze of the Turkmen. Its rose-bud is the pupil of my black eye From the dark mountain descends the river of the Turkmen.
Hak sylamy? bardyr onuň sayasy, ?yrpyn?ar ??lünde neri, mayasy, Reňbe-reň gül a?ar ya?yl yaylasy, Gark bolmu? reyhana ??li türkmeniň.	Hak s?ylam?? vard?r onun sayesi, ??rp?n???r ??lünde eri, di?isi. Rengarenk gül a?ar ye?il yaylas?, Gark olmu? reyhana ??lü Türkmen'in.	Haqq saya salm?? vard?r onun say?si, ??rp?n??ar ??lünd? ?ri, di?isi. R?ngb?r?ng gül a?ar ya??l yaylas?, Q?rq olmu? reyhana ??lü türkm?nin.	The Lord has exalted him and placed him under His protection. His camels, his flocks range over the desert, Flowers of many hues open on his green summer pastures, Drenched in the scent of basil the desert of the Turkmen.
Al-ya?yl bürenip ?ykar perisi, Kükeyip bark urar anbaryň ysy, Beg, t?re, aksakal yurduň eyesi, Küren tutar g?zel ili türkmeniň.	Al ye?il bürünüp ??kar perisi Kükeyip bark vurup amberin isi, Bey, t?re, aksakal yurdun iyesi, Küren tutar güzel ili Türkmen'in.	Al-ya??l bürünüb ??xar p?risi Qoxub b?rq vurar ?nb?rin iy(is)i, B?y, tur?, a?saqqal yurdun yiy?si, Kür?n tutar g?z?l eli türkm?nin.	His fairy-maids go forth clad in red and green, From them wafts the scent of ambergris, Bek, prince and the elder are the lords of the country, Together they uphold the beautiful land of the Turkmen.
Ol merdiň ogludyr, mertdir pederi, G?rogly garda?y, serho?dyr seri, Dagda, düzde kowsa, sayyatlar, diri Ala bilmez, yolbars ogly türkmeniň.	O merdin o?ludur, merttir pederi, K?ro?lu karde?i, sarho?tur seri, Da?da, düzde kovsa avc?lar diri Alamaz arslan o?lu Türkmen'in.	O m?rdin o?ludur, m?rddir ped?ri, Koro?lu qarda??, s?rxo?dur s?ri, Da?da, düzd? qovsa s?yyadlar (ov?ular) diri Ala bilm?z arslan o?lu türkm?nin.	He is the son of a hero – a hero his father, G?roghli his brother, drunken his head, Should they pursue him on mountain or plain, The hunters cannot take him alive, this panther's son is the Turkmen
K?ňüller, yürekler bir bolup ba?lar, Tartsa yygyn, er?r topraklar-da?lar, Bir suprada tayyar kylynsa a?lar, G?teriler ol ykbaly türkmeniň.	G?nüller, yürekler bir olup ba?lar, Tartsa y???n erir topraklar, ta?lar, Bir sofrada haz?r k?l?nsa a?lar, G?türülür o ikbali Türkmen'in.	K?nüll?r, ür?kl?r bir olub ba?lar, Dartsa y???n ?riy?r topraqlar, da?lar, Bir süfr?d? haz?r q?l?nsa a?lar, G?türül?r o iqbal? türkm?nin.	Hearts, breasts and heads are at one, When he holds a gathering earth and mountains crumble. When food is prepared at one table, Exalted is the destiny of the Turkmen
K?ňül howalanar ata ?ykanda, Daglar lagla d?ner gyya bakanda, Bal getirer, jo?up derya akanda, Bent tutdurmaz, gelse sili türkmeniň.	G?nül havalan?r ata ??kanda, Da?lar la'le d?ner d?nüp bakanda, Bal getirir co?up derya akanda, Bent vurdurmaz, gelse, seli Türkmen'in.	K?nül havalanar ata ??xanda, Da?lar l?l? d?n?r q?y?b baxanda, Bal g?tir?r co?ub d?rya axanda, B?nd tutdurmaz, g?ls? seli türkm?nin.	His heart rejoices as he mounts his horse, At his glance the mountains turn to rubies, The sea overflows, bringing him honey It will not be contained when it comes, the river of the Turkmen.
Gapyl galmaz, d?wü? güni har olmaz, Gargy?a, nazara giriftar olmaz, Bilbilden ayrylyp, solup, saralmaz, Dayym anbar sa?ar güli türkmeniň.	Gafil kalmaz d?vü? günü har olmaz, Karg??a, nazara giriftar olmaz, Bülbülden ayr?l?p, solup sararmaz, Daim amber sa?ar, gülü Türkmen'in.	Qafil qalmaz, d?yü? günü xar olmaz, Qar???a, n?z?r? giriftar olmaz, Bülbüld?n ayr?l?b, solub saralmaz, Daim ?nb?r sa?ar, gülü türkm?nin.	On the day of battle he is not caught unaware, He is captured neither by curse nor evil eye, It is not deprived of its nightingale, does not wilt or wither, Always smelling of musk is the rose of the Turkmen.
Tireler garda?dyr, urug yarydyr, Ykballar ters gelmez hakyň nurudyr, Mertler ata ?yksa, s?we? sarydyr, Yow üstüne y?r?r yoly türkmeniň.	Tireler karde?tir, uruk yaridir, Ikballer ters gelmez, Hakk'?n nurudur, Mertler ata ??ksa sava? yar?d?r, Ya?? üstüne yürür yolu Türkmen'in.	Tir?l?r qarda?d?r, uruq yar?d?r, ?qballar t?rs g?lm?z, Haqq?n nurudur, M?rdl?r ata ??xsa sava?dan sar?d?r, Ya?? üstün? yeriy?r yolu türkm?nin.	The tribes are brothers, clans are good friends, Fate does not oppose him, he is the God's light When heroes mount their horses, facing the battle, Toward the foe goes the road of the Turkmen
Serho? bolup ?ykar, jiger daglanmaz, Da?lary syndyrar, yoly baglanmaz, G?züm gayra dü?mez k?ňül eglenmez, Magtymguly – s?zl?r tili türkmeniň.	Sarho? olup ??kar ci?er da?lanmaz, Ta?lar? par?alar, yolu ba?lanmaz, G?züm gayre dü?mez, g?nül e?lenmez, Mahtumkulu s?yler dili Türkmen'in.	S?rxo? olub ??xar, ciy?r da?lanmaz, Da?lar? s?nd?rar, yolu ba?lanmaz, G?züm qeyr? dü?m?z, k?nül ?yl?nm?z, M?xdumqulu s?yl?r dilin türkm?nin.	He sets out in high spirits, sorrow feels not, He smashes through rocks, his way is not blocked My eyes alight on none else, nor will my heart rejoice elsewhere, Magtymguly speaks in the tongue of the Turkmen.

Turkmen in Iran

Approximate boundaries of Turkmen Sahra (in red), the rest of Iran (in green).

Irani Turkmens speak a dialect of Turkmen in the province of Golestan. It is mutually intelligible with the Turkmen dialects in Afghanistan, and is written in the Nastaliq script.

References

Bibliography

• Garrett, Jon, Meena Pallipamu, and Greg Lastowka (1996). "Turkmen Grammar". www.chaihana.com.

Further reading

• Nicholas Awde; William Dirks; A. Amandurdyev (2005). Turkmen: Turkmen-English, English-Turkmen Dictionary & Phrasebook. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1072-2.

External links

• Turkmen grammar and orthography rules (Turkmen) (in Turkmen)
• Turkmen – English Dictionary with searchable reverse dictionary
• Turkmen – English / English – Turkmen Dictionary (a) Archived 24 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine
• Turkmen – English / English – Turkmen Dictionary (b) [1] [2]
• Turkmen – English Dictionary
• Turkmen – English / English – Turkmen Dictionary (Freelang)
• Omniglot page on Turkmen
• Turkmen language online transliteration Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
• Ajapsozluk.com Ever-growing dictionary of Turkmen language
• Turkmen<>Turkish dictionary (Pamukkale University)